The Genetic Ancestors and Descendants of the Indus Valley Civilisation
The Harappan Civilisation was not a combination of recently immigrated Central Asians, Iranians or Mesopotamians which imported civilizational knowledge, but instead was a distinct...
IGF-1: Trade Off Between Cognitive Function and Cancer Risk
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a prominent growth factor which conducts many of the growth-promoting effects of growth hormone (GH) through GH's stimulation...
Intermittent Fasting or Time-Restricted Feeding (TRF) Has Significant Negative Effects on...
Intermittent fasting has a wide range of effects on the endocrine system of which many could be detrimental. Therefore, time-restricted feeding (TRF) should not...
Donepezil’s Effects on Brain Regions
Donepezil is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor1. Acetylcholinesterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine2, thereby reducing acetylcholine signalling in the brain. Acetylcholine (ACh) enhances the encoding of...
Selegiline’s Wide Array of Potential Therapeutic Effects
Selegiline is an irreversible monoamine oxidase (MAO) B inhibitor1. Monoamine neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine, are derivatives of amino acids2. The enzyme...
Hypertrophic Effect of Endurance Exercise and the Potential Mechanisms
Endurance, or "aerobic" exercise, is generally viewed as cardiovascular exercise and is not generally associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Endurance exercise is defined as...
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