A breakthrough study has shown a way forward to create medicines/drugs which have fewer unwanted side effects than we have today
Medicines in today’s times comes from a variety of sources. Side effect in medication is a big problem. Unwanted side effects in medicines which are either rare or common are majorly annoying and sometimes can be very serious. A medicine which has no or fewer mild side effects can be used by a larger majority of people and will be tagged as much safer. Medicines which have more serious side effects can be used only in circumstances where no other alternative is available and would also require monitoring. Ideally, medicines which have fewer or no unwanted side effects shall be a boon for medical therapy. It’s a major goal and also a challenge for researchers worldwide to develop new medications which contain no serious side effects.
The human body is a very complex structure built from chemicals which need to be regulated for smooth functioning of our system. Most medicines consist of a mix of chemical compounds composed of molecules. The important molecules are called “chiral molecules” or enantiomers. Chiral molecules look identical to each other and contain same number of atoms. But they are technically “mirror images” of each other i.e. one half of them are left-handed and the other half are right-handed. This difference in their “handedness” leads them to produce different biological effects. This difference has been studied thoroughly and it has been pointed out that the correct chiral molecules are extremely important for a medicine/drug to make the correct impact, otherwise “wrong” chiral molecules can produce undesired results. The separation of chiral molecules is a very crucial step for drug safety. This process if not simple, is quite expensive and generally requires customized approach for each molecule type. Cost-effective simplistic separation process has not been developed till date. Therefore, we are still far away from a time when all medicines on the shelf at a pharmacy will contain no side effects.
Looking at why medicines have side effects
In a recent study published in Science, researchers from Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Weizmann Institute of Science have discovered a uniform non-specific method by which separation of left and right chiral molecules in a chemical compound can be achieved easily in a cost-effective manner1. Their work sounds very pragmatic and simple. The method which they have developed is based upon magnets. Chiral molecules interact with a magnetic substrate and assemble according to the direction of their “handedness” i.e. “left” molecules interact with a particular pole of the magnet, while “right” molecules interact with the other pole. This technology sounds logical and can be used by chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturers to keep the good molecules (whether left or right) in a medicine and remove the bad ones which are responsible for causing harmful or undesired side effects.
Improving medicines and more
This study will play a major role in developing better and safer drugs using simple and cost-effective separation method. Some popular drugs today are sold in their chirally-pure forms (i.e. separated form) but this statistic stands at only about 13% of all drugs available in the market. Thus, separation is highly recommended by drug administration authorities. Revised guidelines must be met by pharmaceutical companies to incorporate this and make medicines that are more safe and reliable. This study could also be applicable for food ingredients, food supplements etc and could elevate quality of food products and help improve lives. This study is also very relevant for chemicals used in agriculture – pesticides and fertilizer – because chirally separated agrochemicals will cause less contamination to the environment and will contribute towards higher yields.
A second study done by researchers at Australian National University has shown how understanding molecular details of how drug or medicine works can help us to find a way to reduce unwanted side effects in them2. For the first time a study at molecular levels were carried out to look for similarities across six pharmaceutical drugs which are used for pain relief, dentist anesthetic and in treatment of epilepsy. Researchers ran bigger and more complex computer simulations using supercomputers to map the picture of how these drugs were behaving. They mapped clues about molecular details on how these drugs might be affecting one part of the body and would unintendedly cause an undesired side effect in another part of the body. Such molecular level understanding can guide in all drug discovery and design studies.
Do these studies mean there will be a day very soon when medicines will have no side effects whether mild or serious? Our body is a highly complex system and many mechanisms in our body are interlinked to each other. These studies have led to a promising hope of medicines or drugs which will have very few and mild side effects and which are well-understood.
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Source(s)
1. Banerjee-Ghosh K et al 2018. Separation of enantiomers by their enantiospecific interaction with achiral magnetic substrates. Science. eaar4265. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar4265
2. Buyan A et al. 2018. Protonation state of inhibitors determines interaction sites within voltage-gated sodium channels. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115(14). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714131115
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